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Administrative unit of a dense urban core and its satellite cities

"Metro area" redirects hither. For the dance music duo, come across Metro Area.

A metropolitan area or metro is a region consisting of a densely populated Urban Agglomeration and its surrounding territories sharing industries, commercial areas, ship network, infrastructures and housing.^{[ane] [ii]} A metro expanse ordinarily comprises multiple principal cities, jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships, boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, and even states and nations like the eurodistricts. As social, economic and political institutions accept inverse, metropolitan areas take become key economic and political regions.^[three]

Metropolitan areas include satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are socioeconomically tied to the principal cities or urban cadre, typically measured by commuting patterns.^[four] Some metropolitan areas are anchored by ane core city such equally Paris metropolitan area (Paris), Mumbai Metropolitan Region (Mumbai (Mumbai). In many cases metropolitan areas have multiple centers of close to equal importance, such as Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area (Dallas and Fort Worth), Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area (Islamabad and Rawalpindi), the Rhine-Ruhr in Federal republic of germany and the Randstad in kingdom of the netherlands. ^[5]

In the Us, the concept of the metropolitan statistical expanse has gained prominence. The surface area of Greater Washington Washington metropolitan area is an example of statistically grouping contained cities and county areas from various states to course a larger urban center ( The United Nations Top eighty worldwide List of largest cities) because of proximity, history and recent urban convergence. Metropolitan areas may themselves be part of larger megalopolises. For urban centres exterior metropolitan areas, that generate a like attraction at smaller calibration for their region, the concept of the regiopolis and respectively regiopolitan area or regio was introduced by High german professors in 2006.^[vi] In the United States, the term micropolitan statistical surface area is used.

General definition [edit]

A metropolitan surface area combines an urban agglomeration (the face-to-face, built-up expanse) with zones not necessarily urban in character, only closely jump to the center past employment or other commerce. These outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, Islip, New York on Long Island is considered part of the New York metropolitan area.

In exercise, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Sometimes they are piffling different from an urban surface area, and in other cases they cover broad regions that have little relation to a single urban settlement; comparative statistics for metropolitan area should accept this into account. The term "Metropolitan" can likewise refer to a county-level municipal government structure, with some shared services between a central city and its suburbs, which may or may not include the entirety of a metropolitan area. Population figures given for ane metro area tin can vary by millions.

In economical terms, a metropolitan area is normally of a high level of activeness within the service sector, making upward the majority of the surface area's labor marketplace. In particular, services such as recruiting, staffing, consulting, outsourcing, legal services, investment, cyberbanking, and insurance services are promoted in the metropolitan area, as these services frequently span over wider geographical areas, which is what the metropolitan area is known for offering. Trade between metropolitan areas is common considering of this, and works just like for example international trade, where two or more parties identify comparative advantages, and then utilise these to engage in mutually beneficial exchange.

At that place has been no significant modify in the bones concept of metropolitan areas since its adoption in 1950,^[seven] although significant changes in geographic distributions take occurred since so, and more are expected.^[8] Considering of the fluidity of the term "metropolitan statistical area," the term used colloquially is more than frequently "metro service surface area," "metro area," or "MSA" taken to include not only a city, but as well surrounding suburban, exurban and sometimes rural areas, all which it is presumed to influence. A polycentric metropolitan expanse contains multiple urban agglomerations not connected by continuous development. In defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus with which other areas take a high degree of integration.

Run across besides the many lists of metropolitan areas itemized at § Lists of metropolitan areas.

History [edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to information technology. (September 2021)

Australia [edit]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses Greater Capital Metropolis Statistical Areas (GCCSAs), which are geographical areas designed to represent the functional extent of each of the eight Land and Territory capital cities. They were designed to reflect labour markets, using the 2011 Census "travel to work" data. Labour markets are sometimes used as proxy measures of the functional extent of a metropolis every bit it contains the bulk of the commuting population. GCCSAs replaced "Statistical Divisions" used until 2011.^{[nine] [a]}

Other Metropolitan areas in Commonwealth of australia include cross border cities or continuous built-up areas between two or more cities that are connected by an extensive public send network that allows for commuting for work or services. The following are such conurbations^[10]-

Albury-Wodonga

Canberra-Queanbeyan

Newcastle-Sydney-Wollongong

Perth Metropolitan Region-City of Mandurah-Pinjarra

South East Queensland

Melbourne-Geelong

Bangladesh [edit]

In Bangladesh, the large population centers which have significant Fiscal, political and authoritative Importance are considered to be as Metropolitan cities, which are governed by City Corporations. In full, there are 12 City Corporations in Bangladesh.^[eleven] 4 of them (Dhaka North City Corporation, Dhaka South City Corporation, Narayanganj City Corporation, Gazipur Metropolis Corporation) are office of Greater Dhaka Conurbation .

Brazil [edit]

In Brazil, "Metropolitan Regions", "Integrated Development Areas", and "Urban Agglomerations" are created by statute. Each land defines its ain legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region.^[12] The creation of a metropolitan region is not for whatever statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) uses them in reports. Their main purpose is to improve management of public policies of common involvement to all municipalities included within. They do not have whatever political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, then citizens do not elect representatives for them.

The IBGE defines also "Immediate Geographic Areas" (formerly termed microregions) which capture the region "surrounding urban centers for the supply of immediate needs of the population".^[thirteen] Intended for policy planning purposes, as of March 2021 demography data is not tabulated on the level of these Areas, only instead at the municipality or land level.^[14]

Canada [edit]

Statistics Canada defines a demography metropolitan area (CMA) as an area consisting of 1 or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To grade a CMA, the metropolitan surface area must have a population of at least 100,000, at least half inside the urban core. To be included in the CMA, next municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured past commuter flows derived from census data.^[15]

China [edit]

In Chinese, there used to be no articulate stardom between "megalopolis" ( 城市群 , lit. city cluster) and "metropolitan area" ( 都市圈 ) until National Evolution and Reform Commission issued Guidelines on the Cultivation and Evolution of Modern Metropolitan Areas ( 关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见 ) on Feb xix, 2019, in which a metropolitan area was defined as "an urbanized spatial form in a megalopolis dominated by (a) supercity(-ies) or megacity(-ies), or a large urban center playing a leading part, and within the bones range of i-hour commute area."^[sixteen]

European Union [edit]

The European Matrimony'south statistical agency, Eurostat, has created a concept named "larger urban zone" (LUZ). The LUZ represents an endeavour at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan expanse, and the goal was to take an surface area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region".^[17]

France [edit]

France'southward national statistics role, INSEE, names an urban core and its surrounding area of driver influence an aire d'allure d'une ville  [fr] (or AAV, literally meaning "catchment area of a urban center"), plural: aires d'attraction des villes.^[18] The official translation of this statistical surface area in English (as used past INSEE) is "functional area".^[xix] The AAV follows the same definition as the Functional Urban Area (FUA) used by Eurostat and the OECD, and the AAVs are thus strictly comparable to the FUAs.^[19]

The AAV replaced in 2020 the metropolitan statistical area called aire urbaine (AU).^[18] The AU, which was defined differently than the AAV, has now been discarded past INSEE and replaced with the AAV in order to facilitate international comparisons.^[19]

Deutschland [edit]

In High german definition, metropolitan areas are 11 near densely populated areas in the Federal Commonwealth of Germany. They incorporate the major German cities and their surrounding catchment areas and class the political, commercial and cultural centres of the country.

For urban centres outside metropolitan areas, that generate a similar attraction at smaller scale for their region, the concept of the Regiopolis and respectively regiopolitan area or regio was introduced by German language professors in 2006.

Republic of india [edit]

In Bharat, a metropolitan city is divers every bit 1 with a population more than 1 million.^[20]

Indonesia [edit]

In Republic of indonesia, the government of Indonesia defines a metropolitan area equally an urban agglomeration where its spatial planning is prioritised due to its highly of import influence on the state. Currently, there are x metropolitan cities in Republic of indonesia that accept been recognized by the regime.^[21]

Italia [edit]

In 2001, Italia transformed 14 provinces of some of the country's largest cities into Metropolitan Cities. Therefore the territory of the Metropolitan City corresponds to that of a normal Italian province.

Japan [edit]

In Japan, a metropolitan surface area ( 都市圏 ) is a division prepare separately from administrative areas in guild to define wide urban areas used in the Census conducted past the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the globe.

• Cardinal City ( 中心市 )
  • Those of the greater metropolitan areas are the 23 special wards in the urban center of Tokyo and other designated cities.
  • Those of the metropolitan areas are cities with a population of more than than half of a million, which are non included in the greater metropolitan areas.

If the central cities are side by side to each other, the areas are integrated into one large area.

• Surrounding Municipality ( 周辺市町村 , lit. 'surrounding cities, towns and villages')
  • Those are municipalities with ratios of the number of people commuting to the central city over 15 years onetime being 1.5% or more of the permanent population of and close to the central cities.

If a municipality is surrounded by the surrounding municipalities, information technology volition be a surrounding municipality.

Mexico [edit]

Metropolitan areas are known as zonas metropolitanas in Mexico. The National Population Council (CONAPO) defines them as:^[22]

• a set of two or more than municipalities where a urban center with a population of at to the lowest degree 100,000 is located, and whose urban area, functions and activities exceed the limits of the municipality.
• municipalities with a city of more than 500,000 inhabitants, or a city of more 200,000 inhabitants located in the northern and southern edge areas and in the coastal zone.
• municipalities where state capitals are located, if they are not already included in a metropolitan zone.

As of 2018, there are 74 zonas metropolitanas in Mexico. 75.ane million people, 62.8% of the land population, live inside a metropolitan area.^[22]

Islamic republic of pakistan [edit]

Pakistan has nine metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million. Vii of these are entirely in Punjab including Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Multan, Bahawalpur, Sargodha, and Sialkot; one (Islamabad-Rawalpindi is separate between Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory; 2 are located in Sindh, including Karachi, the largest metropolitan area in the land, and Hyderabad; one in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar; and the terminal in Balochistan: Quetta.

Philippines [edit]

The Philippines currently has iii metropolitan areas divers by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). These metropolitan areas are separated into three main geographical areas; Metro Manila (which is located in Luzon), Metro Cebu (which is located in Visayas), and Metro Davao (which is located in Mindanao). The official definition of each area does not necessarily follow the actual extent of continuous urbanization. For example, the built-upward area of Metro Manila has long spilled out of its officially divers borders into the adjacent provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and Cavite. The number of metropolitan areas in the Philippines was reduced from 13 in 2007 to the electric current three based from the 2017–2022 Philippine Development Plan by NEDA. The other ten metropolitan areas were Metro Angeles, Metro Bacolod, Metro Baguio, Metro Batangas, Metro Cagayan de Oro, Metro Dagupan, Metro Iloilo–Guimaras, Metro Butuan, Metro Naga, and Metro Olongapo.

Due south Africa [edit]

The Greater Johannesburg metropolitan surface area is the largest metropolitan expanse in South Africa. Its population was over 9.half-dozen one thousand thousand as of the 2011 South Africa Census, in contrast to its urban area, which consisted of approximately 7.9 one thousand thousand inhabitants as of 2011. Conversely, metropolitan municipalities in Due south Africa are defined as commonly governed areas of a metropolitan area. The largest such metropolitan municipal government entity in South Africa is the Metropolis of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, which presided over nearly 5 million people as of 2016. However, the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan surface area houses roughly ten times the population of its core municipal city of Johannesburg, which independent 957,441 people as of the 2011 census.

Sweden [edit]

Sweden defines a metropolitan area as a group of municipalities, based on statistics of commuting between central municipalities and surrounding municipalities and taking into business relationship existing planning cooperation in the country'southward three geographic regions.^[23] They were defined effectually 1965. In 2005, a number of further municipalities were added to the divers areas.

Turkey [edit]

The give-and-take metropolitan describes a major metropolis in Turkey like Istanbul, a city that is dominant to others both financially and socially.^[24] At that place are thirty officially defined "state metropolitan areas" in Turkey, for governing purposes.^[25]

United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland [edit]

The United Kingdom government's Office for National Statistics defines "travel to work areas" as areas where "at to the lowest degree 75% of an area's resident workforce piece of work in the surface area and at least 75% of the people who work in the expanse also live in the area".^[26]

United States [edit]

As of February 28, 2013, the Usa Part of Management and Upkeep (OMB) defined 1,098 statistical areas for the metropolitan areas of the U.s. and Puerto Rico.^[27] These i,098 statistical areas comprise 929 Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs)^[28] and 169 Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs).^[29] The 929 Core-Based Statistical Areas are divided into 388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs – 381 for the U.S. and seven for Puerto Rico)^[30] and 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs – 536 for the U.South. and five for Puerto Rico).^[31] The 169 Combined Statistical Areas (166 for the U.S. and iii for Puerto Rico) each comprise two or more adjacent Cadre Based Statistical Areas.

The Part of Management and Upkeep defines a Metropolitan Statistical Surface area every bit one or more adjacent counties or county equivalents that have at least ane urban surface area of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a loftier degree of economic and social integration with the core as measured by commuting ties. The OMB so defines a Combined Statistical Area as consisting of various combinations of next metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. The Part of Management and Budget farther defines a cadre-based statistical area (CBSA) to be a geographical area that consists of ane or more counties (or equivalents) anchored by an urban center of at least 10,000 people plus adjacent counties that are socioeconomically tied to the urban eye by commuting.

Run into besides [edit]

Developed environments Economical restructuring Metropolitan statistical area Metropolitan economic system Urban sprawl Urban estrus island Lists of metropolitan areas [edit] List of metropolitan areas that overlap multiple countries List of metropolitan areas by population List of metropolitan areas in Asia List of metropolitan areas in Africa List of metropolitan areas in the Americas Listing of Due north American metropolitan areas past population Listing of Metropolitan Statistical Areas Listing of metropolitan areas in Europe Listing of metropolitan areas (LUZ) in the European Union Metropolitan planning theories [edit] New Urbanism Smart growth Transit-oriented development

Terms [edit] Amalgamation (politics) Census metropolitan expanse Combined statistical area Consolidated city-canton Conurbation Ecumenopolis Industrial region Larger Urban Zones (LUZ) Megacity Megalopolis (city type) Metrobus Metropolis Overpopulation Urban sprawl Urban area World'southward largest cities

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Material in this section was based on Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) information, © Democracy of Commonwealth of australia, and includes text supplied by ABS that is quoted verbatim, as permitted nether Creative Eatables CC Past 4.0 licence.

References [edit]

1. ^ Loibl, Wolfgang; Etminan, Ghazal; Gebetsroither-Geringer, Ernst; Neumann, Hans-Martin; Sanchez-Guzman, Santiago (2018). "Characteristics of Urban Agglomerations in Dissimilar Continents: History, Patterns, Dynamics, Drivers and Trends". Urban Bunch. doi:10.5772/intechopen.73524. ISBN978-953-51-3897-6.
2. ^ Squires, Chiliad. Ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. (The urban Plant Printing (2002)
3. ^ Mark, G.; Katz, B; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (2008). "MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation" (PDF). Brookings Institution. pp. 4–103.
4. ^ "Definition of Urban Terms" (PDF). demographia.com . Retrieved 22 Oct 2013.
5. ^ https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2020/delineation-files/list2_2020.xls
6. ^ Prof. Dr. Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universität Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". 11 December 2008, retrieved 13 June 2009 (pdf).
7. ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan". Retrieved 27 April 2016.
8. ^ Whitehouse.gov Archived 2009-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (12 July 2016). "GREATER Majuscule CITY STATISTICAL AREA (GCCSA)". Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Canberra, Human activity. 1 (1270.0.55.001). Retrieved 20 June 2021.
10. ^ "Conurbation", Wikipedia, 2021-07-26, retrieved 2021-08-02
11. ^ Muzzini, Elisa; Aparicio, Gabriela (2013). Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Globe Bank Publications. p. 52. ISBN978-0-8213-9865-4.
12. ^ "Metropolitan Areas, Urban Agglomerations and Integrated Evolution Areas | IBGE". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02 .
13. ^ "Regional Divisions of Brazil | IBGE". IBGE. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02 .
14. ^ "Population Census | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 2021-04-02 .
15. ^ "Demography metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)". Statistics Canada. 2007-12-11. Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2011-03-06 .
16. ^ "关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见(发改规划〔2019〕328号)" (in Chinese (China)). 国家发展改革委. 2019-02-19.
17. ^ "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Le nouveau zonage en aires d'attraction des villes". INSEE. Retrieved 2022-04-09 .
19. ^ ^{a b c} "Functional areas". INSEE. Retrieved 2022-04-09 .
20. ^ "Metropolitan Cities of India" (PDF). Primal Pollution Command Board. National Informatics Middle. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
21. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2021-06-15 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
22. ^ ^{a b} "Delimitation of Mexico'due south Metropolitan Areas 2015" (in Castilian). CONAPO. Retrieved 2020-12-29 .
23. ^ "Geografin i statistiken – regionala indelningar i Sverigelanguage=sv" (PDF). Statistics Sweden.
24. ^ "Türk Dil Kurumu, Yabancı Sözlere Karşılıklar Kılavuzu, "metropol"". tdkterim.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
25. ^ Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey
26. ^ Beginners' guide to U.k. geography - Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) Office for National Statistics
27. ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. February 28, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved Apr 2, 2013.
28. ^ The United States Role of Direction and Budget (OMB) defines a Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA) equally one or more adjacent counties or canton equivalents that accept at least ane urban core area of at least 10,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a loftier degree of social and economic integration with the core every bit measured past commuting ties.
29. ^ The United States Part of Direction and Budget (OMB) defines a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as an aggregate of adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas that are linked by commuting ties.
30. ^ The The states Office of Direction and Budget (OMB) defines a Metropolitan Statistical Expanse (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Expanse having at least one urban cluster of at least 50,000 population, plus next territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.
31. ^ The United States Part of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Surface area having at least i urban cluster of at to the lowest degree 10,000 but less than l,000 population, plus next territory that has a loftier degree of social and economic integration with the core equally measured by commuting ties.

External links [edit]

• "The Globe'southward Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations. October 2016. (page i illustrates metropolitan area versus city proper and urban agglomeration)
• Metropolis.org, An arrangement of globe metropolises
• Urban Employment Areas in Japan (Metropolitan Employment Areas in Japan)
• Turismo.fvg.it, (Metropolis read past maps in Friuli Venezia Giulia – Northeast of Italy – Eu)
• Geopolis : research group, university of Paris-Diderot, France — Urbanization of the earth

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area

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